KONSEP IDDAH DALAM HUKUM ISLAM: ANALISIS DASAR HUKUM, MACAM-MACAM, DAN HIKMAH PENSYARIATANNYA

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Iddah is a provision of Islamic family law that must be observed by women following the dissolution of marriage due to divorce or the death of a husband. The study of iddah remains relevant in the context of contemporary Islamic family law, as it is often perceived merely as a normative obligation without adequate consideration of its underlying objectives and social benefits. This study aims to analyze the concept of iddah in Islamic law, including its definition, legal foundations, types, and underlying wisdom. The research employs a library research method with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected from the Qur’an, Hadith, classical fiqh literature, books, scholarly journals, and relevant legal regulations, and were analyzed using content analysis. The findings reveal that iddah is firmly grounded in the Qur’an, Hadith, and scholarly consensus (ijma'). Its forms vary according to a woman's circumstances, including iddah due to divorce, the death of a husband, pregnancy, istihadhah (irregular bleeding), and a missing husband (mafqud). Beyond ensuring lineage certainty, iddah also encompasses social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions. The novelty of this study lies in its analysis of iddah through the perspective of maqashid al-shari'ah, highlighting its relevance as a mechanism for protecting women and families. From this perspective, iddah serves to preserve lineage (hifz al-nasl), honor (hifz al-'irdh), and religion (hifz al-din). Therefore, iddah should be understood not only as a legal requirement but also as a means of promoting public welfare and family protection within Muslim society.

ABSTRAK

Iddah merupakan ketentuan hukum keluarga Islam yang wajib dijalani perempuan setelah berakhirnya perkawinan karena perceraian atau kematian suami. Kajian tentang iddah penting dalam konteks hukum keluarga Islam kontemporer karena sering dipahami sebatas kewajiban normatif tanpa memperhatikan tujuan dan nilai kemaslahatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsep iddah dalam hukum Islam yang mencakup pengertian, dasar hukum, macam-macam, dan hikmah pensyariatannya. Penelitian menggunakan metode kepustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari Al-Qur'an, hadis, kitab fikih, buku, jurnal ilmiah, dan peraturan perundang-undangan, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan content analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iddah memiliki landasan kuat dalam Al-Qur'an, hadis, dan ijma' ulama, dengan bentuk yang berbeda sesuai kondisi perempuan, seperti iddah talak, kematian suami, kehamilan, istihadhah, dan mafqud. Selain menjaga kejelasan nasab, iddah juga mengandung dimensi sosial, psikologis, dan spiritual. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis iddah melalui perspektif maqashid al-syari'ah yang menegaskan relevansinya sebagai instrumen perlindungan perempuan dan keluarga. Dalam perspektif tersebut, iddah berfungsi menjaga keturunan (hifz al-nasl), kehormatan (hifz al-'irdh), dan agama (hifz al-din). Dengan demikian, iddah tidak hanya merupakan ketentuan hukum, tetapi juga sarana mewujudkan kemaslahatan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Islam.