TOXIC PRODUCTIVITY DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN KARYAWAN

Abstract

Digitalization has increased flexibility in the workplace but may also encourage excessive work patterns that blur the boundaries between professional and personal life and undermine employee well-being. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the literature on toxic productivity in digital work culture, focusing on its manifestations, contributing factors, underlying mechanisms, consequences for employee well-being, and factors that support healthier work practices. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) retrieved from Scopus, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Dimensions, and Google Scholar. The literature selection process involved relevance screening, title and abstract screening, full-text assessment, and the application of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles were then assessed for quality and relevance before thematic analysis and synthesis were conducted. In total, 10 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the in-depth analysis. The findings indicate that toxic productivity is associated with workaholism, work addiction, technostress, after-hours work connectivity, work–family conflict, psychological distress, and inadequate psychological recovery. Conversely, job crafting, the availability of job resources, organizational support, and recovery strategies are identified as factors that may support employee well-being. These findings highlight the importance of managing digital work demands, establishing clear work boundaries, and strengthening organizational support to ensure that workplace flexibility does not develop into a source of excessive pressure that undermines employee well-being. Sustainable productivity therefore requires a balanced approach that considers both work performance and employees’ psychological health.

ABSTRAK

Digitalisasi dunia kerja memberikan fleksibilitas dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan, tetapi juga berpotensi mendorong pola kerja berlebihan yang mengaburkan batas antara kehidupan profesional dan personal serta mengganggu kesejahteraan karyawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan menyintesis literatur mengenai toxic productivity dalam budaya kerja digital, dengan menitikberatkan pada bentuk, faktor yang memengaruhi, mekanisme yang mendasari, konsekuensi terhadap kesejahteraan karyawan, serta faktor yang dapat mendukung terciptanya pola kerja yang lebih sehat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) yang ditelusuri melalui Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Dimensions, dan Google Scholar. Seleksi literatur dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan relevansi, penyaringan judul dan abstrak, penelaahan teks lengkap, serta penerapan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Artikel terpilih kemudian ditelaah kualitas dan relevansi informasinya sebelum dilakukan analisis dan sintesis tematik. Sebanyak 10 artikel memenuhi kriteria untuk dianalisis secara mendalam. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa toxic productivity berkaitan dengan workaholism, work addiction, technostress, keterhubungan kerja di luar jam kerja (after-hours work connectivity), konflik pekerjaan-keluarga (work-family conflict), tekanan psikologis (psychological distress), dan rendahnya pemulihan psikologis. Sebaliknya, job crafting, ketersediaan sumber daya kerja, dukungan organisasi, serta strategi pemulihan berperan sebagai aspek yang mendukung kesejahteraan karyawan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa produktivitas berkelanjutan memerlukan pengelolaan tuntutan digital, penetapan batas kerja yang jelas, dan dukungan organisasi agar fleksibilitas kerja tidak berkembang menjadi tekanan yang merugikan kesejahteraan karyawan.