ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PANCASILA PADA KELAS V SD KRISTEN POLIWU
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51878/social.v6i4.16449Keywords:
berpikir kritis, pembelajaran Pancasila, sekolah dasarAbstract
Critical thinking skills represent a fundamental 21st-century competence that must be cultivated from elementary education, particularly within Pancasila Education learning. However, practical implementation frequently encounters obstacles such as limited reading literacy and conventional teaching methods, leaving students' reasoning processes suboptimally developed. This study aims to analyze the critical thinking skills of fifth-grade students at SD Kristen Poliwu in Pancasila learning along with its influencing factors. A descriptive qualitative approach with a field research design was employed. The research subjects comprised six fifth-grade students, one classroom teacher, and one school principal. Data collection was carried out through direct observation, structured in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis proceeded interactively through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing based on Michael Scriven and Richard Paul's critical thinking framework. The results indicate that students' critical thinking skills have developed, though achievement remains uneven across all aspects. The most prominent abilities appear in drawing conclusions and evaluating simple information based on daily experiences. Conversely, the abilities to analyze theoretical problems and provide in-depth interpretations still require guidance due to vocabulary limitations and fear of making mistakes. Key determinants encompass students' internal dimensions and teachers' pedagogical strategies utilizing contextual case studies. This study concludes that Pancasila learning rooted in authentic social environments effectively fosters elementary school students' critical reasoning.
ABSTRAK
Kemampuan berpikir kritis merupakan keterampilan fundamental abad ke-21 yang harus ditumbuhkan sejak pendidikan dasar, khususnya dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila. Namun, implementasi di lapangan sering kali menghadapi kendala keterbatasan literasi membaca dan dominasi pembelajaran konvensional sehingga proses penalaran peserta didik belum berkembang secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas V SD Kristen Poliwu dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila beserta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan desain studi lapangan (field research). Subjek penelitian terdiri atas enam peserta didik kelas V, satu guru kelas, dan satu kepala sekolah. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan melalui teknik observasi langsung, wawancara mendalam terstruktur, serta kajian dokumentasi. Analisis data berlangsung interaktif melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan berdasarkan kerangka berpikir kritis Michael Scriven dan Richard Paul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa telah berkembang, tetapi capaiannya belum merata pada seluruh aspek. Keterampilan yang paling menonjol terdapat pada aspek menarik kesimpulan dan mengevaluasi informasi sederhana berbasis pengalaman harian. Sebaliknya, kemampuan menganalisis permasalahan teoritis dan memberikan interpretasi mendalam masih memerlukan bimbingan akibat keterbatasan kosakata dan rasa takut salah. Faktor penentu mencakup dimensi internal peserta didik serta strategi pedagogis guru melalui pemanfaatan kasus kontekstual. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran Pancasila berbasis lingkungan sosial nyata terbukti efektif menumbuhkan daya nalar kritis siswa sekolah dasar.
Downloads
References
Ahaddin, M., Jatmiko, B., & Supardi, Z. A. I. (2020). The improvement of critical thinking skills of primary school students through guided inquiry learning models with integrated peer instructions. Studies in Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.46627/silet.v1i2.39
Anggraini, L. A., & Rochamadi, N. W. (2021). Meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas VIII melalui media ular tangga kewarganegaraan pada mata pelajaran PPKN. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 6(2), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.17977/um019v6i2p480-488
Aripin, N., Festiyed, Yerimadesi, Alberida, H., Ahda, Y., & Mufit, F. (2025). The impact of problem-based learning on science learning to improve students’ critical thinking and problem-solving skills: A meta-analysis. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(6), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i6.10051
Arvatz, A., Peretz, R., & Judy, Y. (2025). Self-regulated learning and reflection: A tool for teachers and students. Metacognition and Learning, 20(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-025-09415-3
Bryce, T. G., & Blown, E. J. (2024). Ausubel’s meaningful learning re-visited. Current Psychology, 43, 4579–4598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04440-4
Cholik, M., Riyanto, T., Rus, R. C., & Sriantini, A. (2022). Problem-based learning to improve students’ critical thinking skill. At-Tarbiyat: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(3), 358–367. https://doi.org/10.37758/jat.v5i3.505
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791
Demir, E. (2022). An examination of high school students’ critical thinking dispositions and analytical thinking skills. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 6(4), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202217357
Erlisnawati, Alim, J. A., Marhadi, H., & Noviana, E. (2021). Developing Pacu Jalur ethnic based contextual model at elementary schools. PRIMARY: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 10(5), 1207–1213. https://doi.org/10.33578/jpfkip.v10i5.8510
Fathurrohman, Suparlan, Nurohmah, L., & Nurhayati. (2024). The implementation of problem-based learning (PBL) model to improve critical thinking ability of class IV students in Civics subjects at school. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 13(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v13i2.84394
Febrianti, D., & Ratnasari. (2026). Inquiry-based instruction enhances critical thinking skills in elementary social studies education. Journal of Innovation and Research in Primary Education, 5(1), 1603–1615. https://doi.org/10.56916/jirpe.v5i1.3130
Gawise, Tolla, I., & Manda, D. (2022). The validity and practicality of Pancasila and civic education learning model based on local wisdom. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2022.100108
Hafizah, M., Solin, S., Purba, C. T., Sihotang, M. M., Rahmad, R., & Wirda, M. A. (2024). Meta-analysis: The impact of problem-based learning (PBL) models on students’ critical thinking skills. Journal of Digital Learning and Education, 4(3), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.52562/jdle.v4i3.1393
Hamimah, Kenedi, A. K., Zuryanty, & Nelliarti. (2020). Improving critical thinking ability by using the problem-based learning model. PRIMARY: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 9(2), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.33578/jpfkip.v9i1.7878
Hasbi, M., Fitri, & Muktamar, A. (2023). Character building profile of Pancasila students as an effort to realize national character. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 2(4), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v2i4.938
Hayati, N., & Setiawan, D. (2022). Dampak rendahnya kemampuan berbahasa dan bernalar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(5), 8440–8449. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i5.3650
Hermiyati, N., Yurniwati, & Yarmi, G. (2024). The impact of the problem posing learning method on critical thinking skills in terms of self-confidence. Jurnal Elementaria Edukasia, 7(2), 2570–2582. https://doi.org/10.31949/jee.v7i2.9336
Juliati, S., Afendi, A. H., & Sutisno, A. N. (2025). Enhancing elementary students’ reading comprehension of informational texts through problem-based learning. Journal of Innovation and Research in Primary Education, 4(4), 3200–3210. https://doi.org/10.56916/jirpe.v4i4.2352
Juliyantika, T., & Batubara, H. H. (2022). Tren penelitian keterampilan berpikir kritis pada jurnal pendidikan dasar di Indonesia. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(3), 4731–4744. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i3.2869
Khoiro, L. H., Suprapto, N., & Prahani, B. K. (2025). Critical thinking profile and learning interests of elementary school students in human digestive system learning. Journal of Innovation and Research in Primary Education, 4(3), 919–928. https://doi.org/10.56916/jirpe.v4i3.1468
Kumala, F. N., Yasa, A. D., & Samudra, R. D. (2022). Elementary clarification analysis (critical thinking skill) elementary school students based on grade and learning method. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 6(3), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v6i3.47366
Lukitoyo, P. S., Sembiring, N. B., & Kurniawan, R. (2023). Implementation of the Pancasila values towards implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in Indonesian education system. JUPIIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 15(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v15i1.44321
Medranda-Morales, N., Mieles, V. D. P., & Guevara, M. V. (2023). Reading comprehension: An essential process for the development of critical thinking. Education Sciences, 13(11), Article 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111068
My, N., Nurlina, & Ma’ruf. (2023). Analysis of critical thinking skills of elementary school students through integrated problem-based learning model with mind mapping. EDUKASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 4(2), 1373–1380. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v4i2.445
Ngurah, G., Yudaparmita, A., Putra, I. G. D., & Kurniawan, M. F. (2025). Traditional game Megoak-goakan and the application of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) based on local wisdom in learning at Elementary School 1 Panji, Buleleng, Bali. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 13(2), 430–437. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v13i2.113982
Nur, S., Aulia, A., & Sutarni, S. (2024). Analysis of mathematic critical thinking abilities of 4th class primary school students on fraction material as well as gender differences. Prima: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 8(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.31000/prima.v8i2.10941
Othman, R., Shahrill, M., Roslan, R., Nurhasanah, F., Zakir, N., & Asamoah, D. (2022). The questioning techniques of primary school mathematics teachers in their journey to incorporate dialogic teaching. Southeast Asian Mathematics Education Journal, 12(2), 125–148. https://doi.org/10.46517/seamej.v12i2.198
Paulsen, V. H., & Kolstø, S. D. (2022). Students’ reasoning when faced with test items of challenging aspects of critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 43, Article 100969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100969
Permatasari, D., Dayu, K., Pratiwi, C. P., & Hakim, P. R. (2022). Problem-based learning model to increase students’ critical thinking. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(3), 4672–4678. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i3.2842
Pramudia, W., Ridwan, R. R., & Nasir, A. M. (2025). Korelasi antara tingkat literasi membaca dengan kemampuan berpikir kritis pada siswa sekolah dasar. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(4), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v10i04.38304
Ramdani, D., Susilo, H., Suhadi, & Sueb. (2022). The effectiveness of collaborative learning on critical thinking, creative thinking, and metacognitive skill ability: Meta-analysis on biological learning. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(3), 1607–1628. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.3.1607
Rofi’ah, S., & Rokhmaniyah. (2024). Analisis kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa dalam memecahkan masalah pada mata pelajaran IPAS kelas V sekolah dasar. Social, Humanities, and Educational Studies, 7(3), 1763–1770. https://doi.org/10.20961/shes.v7i3.92274
Salamor, Y. E., & Wuryandani, W. (2026). The development of an interactive digital book: Enhancing elementary students’ critical thinking skills in Pancasila and Civic Education. Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(6), 433–447. https://doi.org/10.31258/jes.10.6.p.433-447
Saragih, S., & D., Z. (2019). Teacher behavior in students’ critical thinking ability development. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1320, Article 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1320/1/012006
Sarwanto, Fajari, L. E. W., & Chumdari. (2021). Critical thinking skills and their impacts on elementary school students. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 18(2), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2021.18.2.6
Sela, D., Permana, E. P., & Wenda, D. D. N. (2022). Pengembangan permainan tradisional Tabak Galang berbasis kearifan lokal Gombang pada siswa kelas V sekolah dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kewirausahaan, 10(1), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.47668/pkwu.v9i1.340
Sirait, S., Murniarti, E., & Sihotang, H. (2021). Implementation of HOTS-based learning and problem based learning during the pandemic of COVID-19 in SMA Budi Mulia Jakarta. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(2), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9727
Sitorus, J., Ruslan, D., & Dewi, R. (2025). Development of PPKn worksheet using problem-based learning to improve critical thinking. Inovasi Kurikulum, 22(4), 2315–2330. https://doi.org/10.64014/jik.v22i4.123
Soysal, Y. (2020). Talking science: Argument-based inquiry, teachers’ talk moves, and students’ critical thinking in the classroom. Science & Education, 30(1), 33–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00163-1
Soysal, Y., & Soysal, S. (2023). The art of asking good questions in the classroom: A phenomenographic study of teacher educators’ recommendations. ECNU Review of Education, 6(3), 415–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/20965311231210008
Suharti, Sumardi, & Hanafi, M. (2020). Strategi belajar mengajar. CV. Jakad Media Publishing.
Thornhill-Miller, B., Camarda, A., Mercier, M., Burkhardt, J., Morisseau, T., Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Vinchon, F., Hayek, S. E., Augereau-Landais, M., Mourey, F., Feybesse, C., Sundquist, D., & Lubart, T. (2023). Creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration: Assessment, certification, and promotion of 21st century skills for the future of work and education. Journal of Intelligence, 11(3), Article 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030054
Widiastuti, I. A. M. S., Mantra, I. B. N., Utami, I. G. A. L. P., Sukanadi, N. L., & Susrawan, I. N. A. (2023). Implementing problem-based learning to develop students’ critical and creative thinking skills. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 12(4), 658–667. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpiundiksha.v12i4.63588
Xu, X., Qiao, L., Cheng, N., Liu, H., & Zhao, W. (2025). Enhancing self-regulated learning and learning experience in generative AI environments: The critical role of metacognitive support. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(5), 1880–1898. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13599
Yu, L., & Zin, Z. M. (2022). The critical thinking-oriented adaptations of problem-based learning models: A systematic review. Frontiers in Education, 8, Article 1139987. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1139987
Yuafian, R., & Astuti, S. (2020). Meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran problem based learning (PBL). Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Dasar, 3(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.26618/jrpd.v3i1.3216
Zhao, N., & Jing, G. (2026). The impact of classroom error management climate on primary school students’ innovation self-efficacy: The mediating roles of fear of failure and growth mindset. Frontiers in Education, 11, Article 1833431. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1833431
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 SOCIAL : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPS
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
