ANALISIS BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR DALAM OPERASI HITUNG TIGA DIGIT: STUDI FENOMENOLOGI DESKRIPTIF

Abstract

Critical thinking is an essential skill that needs to be developed from the elementary school level, particularly in mathematics learning. This study aims to describe the critical thinking experiences of elementary school students in solving three-digit arithmetic operations through a descriptive phenomenological approach. The phenomenological approach was employed to understand the meaning of students' lived experiences in thinking and solving mathematical problems. Data were collected through a mathematical critical thinking test and analyzed using phenomenological reduction, description of experiential essence, and interpretation of meaning. The results indicate that students demonstrated various forms of critical thinking, including understanding arithmetic operations, performing logical reasoning, and evaluating correctness through mathematical justification. However, some students still exhibited intuitive reasoning or reasoning based on non-mathematical contexts. This study concludes that reflective awareness and the ability to articulate mathematical reasoning are central to critical thinking among elementary school students. These findings suggest that mathematics learning in elementary schools should be redirected from procedural approaches toward reflective practices that provide students with opportunities to express, question, and evaluate their reasoning meaningfully.

ABSTRAK

Berpikir kritis merupakan kemampuan esensial yang perlu dikembangkan sejak jenjang sekolah dasar, khususnya dalam pembelajaran matematika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengalaman berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar dalam menyelesaikan operasi aritmetika tiga digit melalui pendekatan fenomenologi deskriptif. Pendekatan fenomenologi digunakan untuk memahami makna pengalaman hidup siswa dalam berpikir dan memecahkan masalah matematika. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes berpikir kritis matematis dan dianalisis menggunakan reduksi fenomenologis, deskripsi esensi pengalaman, serta interpretasi makna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa mengalami berbagai bentuk berpikir kritis, meliputi pemahaman operasi aritmetika, penalaran logis, serta evaluasi kebenaran dengan justifikasi matematis. Namun, sebagian siswa masih menunjukkan penalaran yang bersifat intuitif atau berbasis konteks non-matematis. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kesadaran reflektif dan kemampuan mengartikulasikan penalaran matematis merupakan inti dari berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar perlu diarahkan dari pendekatan prosedural menuju praktik reflektif yang memberikan ruang bagi siswa untuk mengungkapkan, mempertanyakan, dan mengevaluasi penalarannya secara bermakna.