DEKONSTRUKSI TEORI ‘UQUD AL-MU’AWADHAT DALAM LITERATUR FIKIH MUAMALAH: ANALISIS KOMPARATIF REGULASI SMART CONTRACTS BERBASIS BLOCKCHAIN

Uswatun Hasanah; Rifka Nazilatur Rohmah; Nurhasanah Nurhasanah; Ilyas Rozak Hanafi; Muhamad Qomarudinul Huda

Authors

Uswatun Hasanah STAI Ma`arif Kalirejo Lampung Tengah
Rifka Nazilatur Rohmah STAI Ma`arif Kalirejo Lampung Tengah
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah Universitas Muhammadiyah Pringsewu Lampung
Ilyas Rozak Hanafi STAI Ma`arif Kalirejo Lampung Tengah
Muhamad Qomarudinul Huda STAI Ma`arif Kalirejo Lampung Tengah

Keywords:

Smart Contracts, Blockchain, ‘Uqud al-Mu’awadhat, Dekonstruksi, Fikih Muamalah

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The development of blockchain technology has given rise to smart contracts as a digital transaction mechanism capable of automatically executing agreements without intermediaries, thereby creating new challenges for the application of the principles of ‘Uqud al-Mu’awadhat in fiqh muamalah. This study aims to analyze the compatibility of ‘Uqud al-Mu’awadhat principles within the smart contract ecosystem, identify points of convergence and legal tensions, and formulate a regulatory model that supports the integration of blockchain technology with Sharia principles. This research employs a qualitative normative legal method with conceptual and comparative approaches and is analyzed using Jacques Derrida’s Deconstruction Theory through a literature study. The findings indicate that smart contracts transform key elements of contracts, including offer and acceptance (ijab-qabul), the concept of contractual assembly (majlis al-‘aqd), and the identity of contracting parties, while simultaneously raising challenges related to khiyar rights, dispute resolution, and digital gharar risks due to their automated and immutable characteristics. Nevertheless, fiqh muamalah principles and blockchain technology demonstrate significant potential for harmonization through strengthened Sharia audits, technological oversight, and adaptive legal protection. This study concludes that smart contracts can be accommodated within the framework of ‘Uqud al-Mu’awadhat and proposes a Shariah-Compliant Smart Contract Framework as a conceptual contribution to supporting Sharia-compliant digital transactions with legal certainty.

ABSTRAK

Perkembangan teknologi blockchain telah melahirkan smart contracts sebagai mekanisme transaksi digital yang mampu mengeksekusi perjanjian secara otomatis tanpa perantara, sehingga memunculkan tantangan baru bagi penerapan prinsip-prinsip ‘Uqud al-Mu’awadhat dalam fikih muamalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kesesuaian prinsip ‘Uqud al-Mu’awadhat dalam ekosistem smart contracts, mengidentifikasi titik temu dan ketegangan hukumnya, serta merumuskan model regulasi yang mendukung integrasi teknologi blockchain dengan prinsip syariah. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif kualitatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan komparatif, serta dianalisis menggunakan teori Dekonstruksi Jacques Derrida melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa smart contracts mendorong transformasi pada unsur-unsur utama akad, seperti mekanisme ijab-qabul, konsep majelis akad, dan identitas para pihak, sekaligus menimbulkan tantangan terkait hak khiyar, penyelesaian sengketa, dan risiko gharar digital akibat karakteristiknya yang otomatis dan tidak dapat diubah. Namun demikian, prinsip fikih muamalah dan teknologi blockchain memiliki peluang harmonisasi melalui penguatan audit syariah, pengawasan teknologi, dan perlindungan hukum yang adaptif. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa smart contracts dapat diakomodasi dalam kerangka ‘Uqud al-Mu’awadhat serta menawarkan Shariah-Compliant Smart Contract Framework sebagai kontribusi konseptual untuk mendukung transaksi digital yang sesuai syariah dan berkepastian hukum.

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