ORAL LINEA ALBA: PREVALANCE, CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, ETIOLOGY, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51878/cendekia.v5i4.15195Keywords:
Linea alba, mukosa bukal, diagnosis diferensial, lesi mukosa oralAbstract
Oral linea alba is a benign white linear alteration of the buccal mucosa that typically occurs along the occlusal plane. Although generally asymptomatic and harmless, its clinical appearance may overlap with other white oral mucosal lesions, making accurate recognition important during routine dental examination. This narrative review aims to describe the clinical characteristics, prevalence, etiological factors, differential diagnosis, histopathological features, clinical significance, and management of oral linea alba. Data were collected through literature searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using keywords related to linea alba and white oral mucosal lesions. Relevant literature was selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed using descriptive narrative synthesis by comparing findings across the selected sources. The literature indicates that linea alba is primarily associated with recurrent mechanical pressure and friction between the buccal mucosa and adjacent teeth. Parafunctional behaviors, including cheek sucking, cheek biting, clenching, and bruxism, may increase mechanical exposure and contribute to lesion development. Clinically, it is characterized by a persistent, non-scrapable white linear alteration corresponding to the occlusal plane. Differential diagnosis includes morsicatio buccarum, frictional keratosis, leukoedema, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, white sponge nevus, and candidiasis. Histopathologically, linea alba demonstrates benign reactive keratotic changes without epithelial dysplasia. Management is generally conservative, focusing on reassurance and elimination of contributing mechanical factors. Accurate recognition is important to prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures and treatment while ensuring appropriate evaluation of atypical white oral lesions.
ABSTRAK
Linea alba oral merupakan perubahan linear berwarna putih yang bersifat jinak pada mukosa bukal dan umumnya terjadi sepanjang bidang oklusal. Meskipun umumnya tidak bergejala dan tidak berbahaya, penampilannya secara klinis dapat menyerupai lesi mukosa oral putih lainnya sehingga pengenalan yang tepat penting selama pemeriksaan gigi rutin. Narrative review ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan karakteristik klinis, prevalensi, faktor etiologi, diagnosis diferensial, gambaran histopatologis, signifikansi klinis, dan penatalaksanaan linea alba oral. Data dikumpulkan melalui penelusuran literatur pada PubMed, Google Scholar, dan ScienceDirect menggunakan kata kunci terkait linea alba dan lesi putih mukosa oral. Literatur yang relevan diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teknik sintesis naratif secara deskriptif dengan membandingkan temuan antar sumber. Hasil telaah menunjukkan bahwa linea alba terutama berhubungan dengan tekanan mekanis dan gesekan berulang antara mukosa bukal dan gigi yang berdekatan. Perilaku parafungsional, termasuk mengisap pipi, menggigit pipi, clenching, dan bruksisme, dapat meningkatkan paparan mekanis dan berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan lesi. Secara klinis, kondisi ini ditandai dengan perubahan linear berwarna putih yang menetap, tidak dapat dihapus dengan penggosokan, dan sesuai dengan bidang oklusal. Diagnosis diferensial meliputi morsicatio buccarum, keratosis akibat gesekan, leukoedema, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, white sponge nevus, dan kandidiasis. Secara histopatologis, linea alba menunjukkan perubahan keratotik reaktif yang jinak tanpa displasia epitel. Penatalaksanaan umumnya bersifat konservatif dengan berfokus pada pemberian reassurance dan eliminasi faktor mekanis yang berkontribusi. Pengenalan yang tepat penting untuk mencegah prosedur diagnostik dan perawatan yang tidak diperlukan sekaligus memastikan evaluasi yang tepat terhadap lesi oral putih yang atipikal.
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