PEMIMPIN ATAU TUAN: MENAGIH KEMBALI ETIKA KEKUASAAN NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI DALAM BINGKAI RES PUBLICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51878/cendekia.v6i3.11228Keywords:
Niccolò Machiavelli, Etika Kekuasaan, Res Publica, Virtù, Kepemimpinan PolitikAbstract
ABSTRACT
The presence of Niccolò Machiavelli in modern political discourse is often reduced to a symbol of cunning and the amorality of power through the term Machiavellianism, thereby positioning his thought as synonymous with political practices that justify any means to achieve power. However, a more comprehensive reading demonstrates that Machiavelli was deeply concerned with state stability, the rule of law, and the public good (res publica). This article aims to reexamine Machiavelli’s ethics of power by distinguishing the orientation of leadership between a leader who builds institutions for the public interest and a master or tyrant who employs power as an instrument of personal domination. This study employs a qualitative method using an analytical-descriptive library research approach through a historical-hermeneutic reading of Il Principe (The Prince) and Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (Discourses on Livy), supported by academic literature on Machiavellian republicanism. The findings indicate that these two works are not contradictory; rather, they represent two complementary political contexts, namely personal leadership during times of crisis and law-based governance under stable conditions. Other findings reveal that Machiavelli distinguishes between a leader and a tyrant based on the orientation of power, while political corruption is understood as the corruption of civic virtue that weakens public institutions. This article concludes that Machiavelli’s ethics is more appropriately understood as an ethic of public responsibility, in which political legitimacy rests on the capacity to maintain stability, institutions, and the continuity of collective life.
ABSTRAK
Keberadaan Niccolò Machiavelli dalam diskursus politik modern sering direduksi sebagai simbol kelicikan dan amoralitas kekuasaan melalui istilah Machiavellianisme, sehingga menempatkan pemikirannya seolah identik dengan praktik politik yang menghalalkan segala cara. Padahal, pembacaan yang lebih komprehensif menunjukkan bahwa Machiavelli memiliki perhatian besar terhadap stabilitas negara, supremasi hukum, dan kepentingan umum (res publica). Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menelaah kembali etika kekuasaan Machiavelli dengan membedakan orientasi kepemimpinan antara pemimpin yang membangun institusi demi kepentingan publik dan tuan atau tiran yang menjadikan kekuasaan sebagai sarana dominasi personal. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka (library research) yang bersifat analitis-deskriptif melalui pembacaan hermeneutika sejarah terhadap Il Principe dan Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, serta didukung literatur akademik mengenai republikanisme Machiavelli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua karya tersebut tidak bersifat kontradiktif, melainkan merepresentasikan dua konteks politik yang saling melengkapi, yakni kepemimpinan personal pada situasi krisis dan pemerintahan berbasis hukum pada kondisi stabil. Temuan lain menunjukkan bahwa Machiavelli membedakan pemimpin dan tuan berdasarkan orientasi penggunaan kekuasaan, serta memahami korupsi politik sebagai pembusukan civic virtue yang melemahkan institusi publik. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa etika Machiavelli lebih tepat dipahami sebagai etika tanggung jawab publik yang menempatkan legitimasi kekuasaan pada kemampuan menjaga stabilitas, institusi, dan keberlangsungan kehidupan bersama.
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